Wireless Keyboard Wiki

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The Apple Wireless Keyboard is a wireless keyboard built for Macintosh computers and compatible with iOS devices. It interacts over Bluetooth wireless technology and unlike its wired version, it has no USB connectors or ports. Both generations have low-power features when not in use. It was discontinued on October 13, 2015, and was succeeded by the new Magic Keyboard. Whether it's through a cable or wireless, the signal from the keyboard is monitored by the computer's keyboard controller.This is an integrated circuit (IC) that processes all of the data that comes from the keyboard and forwards it to the operating system. The Logitech Unifying receiver is a small dedicated USB wireless receiver, based on the nRF24L-family of RF devices, that allows up to six compatible Logitech human interface devices (such as mice, trackballs, trackpads, and keyboards; headphones are not compatible) to be linked to the same computer using 2.4 GHz band radio communication.

The Logitech Unifying receiver is a small dedicated USB wireless receiver, based on the nRF24L-family of RF devices,^[1] that allows up to six compatible Logitech human interface devices (such as mice, trackballs, trackpads, and keyboards; headphones are not compatible) to be linked to the same computer using 2.4 GHz band radio communication. Receivers that are bundled with a Logitech product are paired with the device at the factory. When purchasing a replacement receiver or connecting multiple devices to one receiver, pairing requires the free-of-charge Logitech Unifying software, available for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Although not compatible with Bluetooth, devices pair to Unifying Receivers in a similar way.^[2] Peripherals remain paired, and can then be used on systems not supporting the software. Logitech receivers compatible with the Unifying protocol can be identified by the orange Unifying logo, which distinguishes them from Logitech Nano receivers of similar appearance, which pair in a similar manner but only with a single device, without using the Unifying protocol.

Logitech Unifying receivers (LURs) are often included in wireless Logitech keyboard, mouse, and combo sets, and may be purchased separately. Some Logitech peripherals allow a receiver to be stored inside.^[3]

As of October 2019 Logitech Unifying Software for Windows had last been updated, to version 2.50.25, on 30 March 2010.^[4]

Compatibility and use[edit]

Each peripheral device can pair to one receiver per profile. While most peripherals only store one profile, newer products such as the Logitech MX Master, MX Anywhere series, and M720 Triathlon allow multiple profiles. These devices can be connected to multiple receivers simultaneously. This allows the use of receivers in several computers, e.g., a desktop and a laptopcomputer, selecting the computer to use by changing profiles on the mouse. This multi-computer function is further augmented by Logitech Flow (software KVM solution) which is similar to Synergy. For devices without multi-computer support, the receiver and input devices can be moved together from one computer to another, maintaining their paired status after being unplugged, as the pairing information is held in the little USB receiver^[2]—this is much simpler than transferring the peripheral from one receiver to another by changing the setup in software, and also avoids the limitation to 45 pairings of older devices. This also allows the use of peripherals on computing devices that do not support Unifying Software, e.g. devices supporting USB OTG with operating systems such as Android: first pair to the receiver on a PC or Mac.^[5]

Some older Unifying devices limit the number of allowable pairing changes to a maximum of 45 times. Once the 45th connection is made, it is no longer possible to connect such a device to a different receiver. For users who often switch a Unifying device between multiple PCs or laptops with individual receivers, this connection limit can become an issue. For example, a user who frequently switches a mouse between two receivers (e.g. at work and home) will quickly exhaust the limit of available pairing switches.^[6] Logitech advises customers with this issue to contact their Customer Care. Newer devices can switch pairings an unlimited number of times.

Pairing software is available from Logitech for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Wireless devices using the Unifying Receiver are supported since Linux 3.2.^[7]Software to manage Unifying devices on Linux is available from third party developers, such as Solaar.^[8]

Many companies have made peripherals that connect via USB wireless receivers very similar to Logitech's; Logitech devices are incompatible with many of these 'off-brand' receivers^{[citation needed]}.

There are many different hardware versions of the unifying receiver. The most common is used for daily use, and is marked ^[9]CU-0007 on the metal jacket. CU-0008 is distributed with gaming devices, and features lower latency.

Security[edit]

Several security vulnerabilities of the Logitech Unifying system have been reported in 2016 and 2019,^[10] and patches released.

MouseJacking and keyjacking[edit]

MouseJacking, first reported by Bastille Networks, Inc.,^[10] Sketchup store design. is the sending of malicious radio signals (packets) wirelessly to an unsuspecting user through Logitech Unifying wireless technology. The exploit takes advantage of a user's vulnerable Logitech Unifying receiver and unencrypted signals within a range of about 100 meters. Possible exploits include:

• Keystroke injection by either spoofing a paired mouse or keyboard
• Forced pairing

Affected devices and firmware[edit]

Firmware not affected[edit]

Response[edit]

3d home design sketchup. Logitech has released Unifying receiver firmware updates as new exploits were reported.^[16][17]

For Linux users there are native options to flash and experiment with such as fwupd and MouseJack.^[1] However, with these tools a separate firmware binary is still required. Flashing on a Linux host via a hypervisor such as VirtualBox along with a Windows virtual guest image and the Windows Logitech update executable is also possible. If using a Windows virtual guest, it is recommended to have a second available pointing device while the dongle is being updated. The second pointing device may be needed to allow the user to select and enable pass through of the unifying receiver via the hypervisor task bar after executing the firmware updater so that the device is found and updated.

Updating the Unifying receiver firmware to versions RQR12.08 or greater and RQR24.06 or greater can limit some functionality of certain paired devices unless the devices' firmware is also updated.

Other vulnerabilities[edit]

On July 9, 2019 another set of vulnerabilities was disclosed and documented by a different researcher.^[10] A firmware update for Unifying receivers addressing the 'Encryption Key Extraction Through USB' vulnerability (CVE-2019-13054/55) was released on 28 August 2019.^[17] Some users reported in 2019 that some Unifying devices are still being sold that are vulnerable to the original 2016 MouseJacking attack.^[18]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Backlit Wireless Keyboard

1. ^ ^abNewlin, Marc (2016-08-07). 'MouseJack device discovery and research tools'. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
2. ^ ^abGallegos, Gary. 'Gadgets: The Logitech Unifying Receiver (aka 'fake bluetooth')'. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
3. ^'Logitech Unifying Multi-Connect Utility Setup Instructions'(PDF). Logitech.
4. ^'Logitech Unifying Software'. Logitech Support + Download. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
5. ^'Android Tablets and Logitech Unifying Devices'. Music Tribe. 7 January 2018.
6. ^'Limitations on Unifying devices'. Archived from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
7. ^Nestor Lopez Casado (2011-09-15). 'HID: Add full support for Logitech Unifying receivers'. Linux kernel. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
8. ^Solaar on GitHub
9. ^. 2020-08-23.Missing or empty |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
10. ^ ^abcmame82 (2019-07-09). 'Summary / Overview of known Logitech wireless peripheral vulnerabilities'. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
11. ^ ^abcdef'MouseJack Affected Devices'. Bastille Networks. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
12. ^ ^abcdefViredaz, Marc (2017-12-22). 'RQR12.08 Build 0030'. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
13. ^ ^abcdViredaz, Marc (2017-12-22). 'RQR24.06 Build 0030'. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
14. ^Viredaz, Marc (2017-12-22). 'RQR12.09 Build 0030'. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
15. ^Viredaz, Marc (2017-12-22). 'RQR24.07 Build 0030'. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
16. ^LogiLaurie (2016-07-28). 'Logitech Response to Research Findings'. Archived from the original on 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
17. ^ ^ab'Logitech Unifying Receiver Update'. Logitech Support + Download. 28 August 2019.
18. ^Hollister, Sean (2019-07-14). 'Why you should really, really update your Logitech wireless dongle'. The Verge. Retrieved 2020-01-02.

External links[edit]

• Solaar on GitHub - Linux devices manager for the Logitech Unifying Receiver

A computer keyboard is an input device that allows a person to enter letters, numbers, and other symbols (these are called characters in a keyboard) into a computer. It is one of the most used input devices for computers. Using a keyboard to enter lots of data is called typing.

A keyboard contains many mechanicalswitches or push-buttons called 'keys'. When one of these are pushed, an electrical circuit is closed, and the keyboard sends a signal to the computer that tells it what letter, number or symbol it would like to be shown on the screen. The computer's CPU then shows the character on the screen, usually at the place where the cursor is. Besides entering characters, computer keyboards also have special keys that change the symbol (such as shift or caps lock) or give the computer special commands (such as the arrow keys, CTRL and ALT). Different computer operating systems use different special keys, or use them differently. Special commands can also be activated through a combination of keys (such as Ctrl + V on Windows to paste copied content).

A keyboard can be joined to a computer using a wire, but can also be wireless (like those that use Bluetooth). Most 21st century keyboards that use wires connect to a USB port on the computer, but older ones use a less versatile DIN connector port.

Types[change | change source]

Wireless Keyboards For Computers

There are different types of keyboards. They can be based on the way the keys work; for example, laptops have keys that do not move a lot, because the keyboard has to be very thin in order to fit inside the laptop. On the other hand, video game like keyboards with keys that move a lot, so that they feel if the key works and the game is working. In between, an ergonomic keyboard is made to be easier for people to use, without hurting their hands or arms. Most computer keyboards have the keys in six rows, but some laptops use only five or even four rows to save space.

There are also different ways the keys on a keyboard are laid out, usually to deal with different regions and languages of the world. The most popular layout is called QWERTY, which is based on the first six letters on typewriter keyboards. The QWERTY design was made so the most common letters would not make a mechanical typewriter 'jam', or stop working. Now, even though most people do not use typewriters anymore, the design stayed because people were used to it. Other layouts have been developed, for example the Dvorak keyboard, which puts the most common letters in the places that are easiest to reach. Gaming keyboards are used for their fast reaction timing.

Risks[change | change source]

Keystroke logging is capturing a record of each key that is pressed. Keystroke logging can be used to measure employee activity. Hackers can also use keystroke logging. Scientists discovered that most keyboards give off electromagnetic radiation that can be used to tell which keys have been pressed. Spies could determine what has been typed by remotely sensing such signals.^[1][2]

Researchers are studying if keyboards can spread diseases. Some keyboards were found to contain five times more germs than a toilet seat.^[3]

Related pages[change | change source]

Install Wireless Keyboard

Apple Wireless Keyboard Wiki

References[change | change source]

Wireless Keyboard Not Working

1. ↑'Compromising Electromagnetic Emanations of Wired and Wireless Keyboards - Martin Vuagnoux and Sylvain Pasini'. lasecwww.epfl.ch.
2. ↑'Newscientist.com'.
3. ↑http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Germs/story?id=4774746&page=1